12 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India Along the Ancient Silk Road

Ancient India lay at the crossroads of Asia’s great overland and maritime trade routes. From the high mountain passes of the Karakoram to the bustling ports of the Bay of Bengal, goods, ideas and faiths flowed into and out of the subcontinent for more than a millennium. UNESCO’s Silk Roads Programme identifies four principal corridors linking India with Central Asia and beyond:

1. A high‑altitude route across the Tibetan Plateau down to the Ganges at Sravasti
2. A path through western Nepal’s valleys into the Ganges plain
3. The Karakoram corridor via Srinagar, Leh and the Shaksgam/Sangju passes
4. The great trunk road following the Ganges from Delhi eastward into Bengal

Along these routes, twelve Indian sites have been placed on UNESCO’s Tentative List as “Silk Road Sites in India.” Each preserves archaeological, architectural and artistic traces of the

merchants, monks and envoys who once paused there on journeys spanning continents. Even while sitting in our chairs, let us embark on a voyage through time, exploring each of these twelve heritage sites, their Silk Road connections, and the living legacy they impart.

1. Ruins of Ancient Vaishali (Bihar)

Vaishali was the capital of the Licchavi republic and one of the earliest urban centres in India. Excavations at Kolhua have revealed a swastika‑shaped monastery for nuns, a seven‑tiered brick tank (Markat‑Hrad), clusters of votive stupas, miniature shrines, the remains of Kutagarshala (the monkey‑king’s shelter), and one of the earliest Ashokan pillars

(c. 3rd century BCE).

The relic stupa at Vaishali, identified as one of the eight original stupas containing the Buddha’s remains, was first a mud structure in the 5th century BCE; it was later expanded in the Kushan and Gupta times to over 17 m in diameter. Pilgrims travelling from Gandhāra (modern day Afghanistan) and Central Asia would have paused here, offering honey and flowers and replenishing supplies before descending into the Gangetic plains. Today, the calm ruins and their surrounding park evoke both the political ferment of early republics and the devotional energy of Buddhist pilgrimage.

2. Remains of Vikramśīla Ancient University (Bihar)

Founded in the 8th century CE under the Pāla dynasty, Vikramśīla was one of the great Buddhist learning centres alongside Nālandā. Archaeologists have uncovered a vast cruciform stupa at its heart, a water‑cooled library chamber, over 200 monk’s cells arranged around a central courtyard, and votive stupas marking devotional practice.

Tibetan pilgrims like Tāranātha and Chinese travellers such as Śubhakarasiṃha mention Vikramśīla in their accounts—describing debates in Buddhist logic, tantric ritual, and astronomy. Merchants on the Silk Road brought silk banners and manuscripts in Sanskrit and Tibetan, supporting a cosmopolitan campus where maritime and overland traders mingled with scholars. The site’s terracotta plaques—depicting deities, animals and floral scrolls—testify to artistic exchanges reaching Central Asia.

3. Buddhist Remains at Kuśinagar (Uttar Pradesh)

Kuśinagar marks the Parinirvana (final passing) of the Buddha. The archaeological zone includes the main stupa, the Nirvana temple built over the reclining Buddha, the cremation stupa at Ramabhar, and attendant monasteries. Silk Road pilgrims from China and Central Asia—most famously the Chinese monk Xuanzang in the 7th century—left inscriptions praising the site’s sanctity.

Camel caravans approaching from Taxila or Srinagar would have skirted the plains to deposit precious gifts—silk robes, spices, gemstones—for the monastic community. The interplay of local brick architecture with Hellenistic‑inspired capitals suggests craftsmen who carried motifs across the mountains. Today, the serene brick stupa and its museum evoke the devotion of thousands of years of Buddhist pilgrims.

4. Śrāvastī (Uttar Pradesh)

Once the capital of the Kosala kingdom, Śrāvastī was a thriving metropolis where St iddharta Gautama, later known as Buddha, spent many rainy seasons, teaching. Excavations reveal multiple monastic complexes, brick chaityas, and a vast water‑management system of tanks and canals—linking to irrigation techniques known in Bactria and Sogdiana.

Accounts by Faxian (5th century CE) describe grand monasteries lined with silk banner

paintings, supported by Silk Road trade. Merchants brought muslin cloths, coral beads and

Persian glass, enriching the devotional life of monastics. Walking among the ruins today, one senses the hum of an ancient crossroads—where faith, commerce and urban planning met in equal measure.

5. Kauśāmbī (Uttar Pradesh)

Kauśāmbī sat on the Yamuna’s banks, commanding routes to Magadha and the northwestern passes. Its layered occupation—from Painted Grey Ware villages to Kushan and Gupta temples—emerges in house‑complex remains, ancient streets, and fortified gateways.

Coins of Kushan, Gupta and even Roman origin have turned up here, indicating merchants who carried coinage and bullion along Silk Road arteries. The discovery of imported amphora fragments and Iranian-style seal impressions suggests Kauśāmbī’s role as a redistribution hub—where Central Asian goods were bartered for Indian spices, textiles and ivory.

6. Ahicchatra (Near Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh)

Ahicchatra’s fortress‑like temple precinct and multi‑layered strata—from painted earthen ware to medieval ruins—reveal a site continuously inhabited from the 1st millennium BCE into the early medieval era.

As the western terminus of the Ganges corridor, it saw caravans descend from the Himalayas bearing Pashmina wool, salt and medicinal herbs. In return, local crafts—stone sculpture, ivory carving and lacquer work—traveled northward. The site’s sculptural fragments display Greco‑Bactrian scrolls, suggesting artisan networks reaching over the Hindu Kush.

7. Sanghol (Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab)

Sanghol preserves an early historic Buddhist stupa and monastery, overlain by Kushan‑period temples and later medieval shrines. Excavations uncovered terracotta figurines, semi‑precious bead‑making kilns and seal impressions of Gandhāran style .

Strategically located on the Grand Trunk Road (Uttarapatha), Sanghol’s artisans served both local devotees and passing merchants. The presence of Sogdian‑style metal vessels and Kushan coin hoards attests to its role as a Silk Road relay station—where cultural and commercial exchange left durable marks in clay and stone.

8. Arikāmedu (Puducherry)

Arikāmedu was Pondicherry’s ancient port—identified with the “Poduke” emporium of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy’s Geographia. Excavations by Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1945) and Vimala Begley (1989–92) revealed Roman amphorae, Arretine ware, Indo‑Pacific beads, Chinese celadon and local megalithic burials—demonstrating continuous occupation from the 2nd century BCE to the 8th century CE.

As a protected river‑bend anchorage, Arikāmedu handled silk, spices, gems and pearls—its markets enlivened by Greek (Yavana), Roman and Southeast Asian traders. The layered brick wharves, dye‑cisterns for muslin, and imported ceramics together form a technological ensemble unique in South India. Today its open‑air museum and scattered brick mounds recall a time when monsoon winds carried goods and ideas between Rome and Kanchipuram.

9. Excavated Remains of Kaveripattinam (Tamil Nadu)

Also known as Pallavaneswaram‑Melaiyur, this early historic port at the mouth of the Cauvery River served as a hub for maritime Silk Road traffic. Excavations uncovered a Buddhist vihāra and temple complex (5th–6th centuries CE), brick shrines with corbelled staircases, and Sangam‑era pottery—echoing Tamil epics that praise Kaveripattinam as a centre of Buddhist patronage.

Merchants from Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and the Persian Gulf landed here with spices, pearls and textiles; in return they took back horses, saffron and metalwork. The site’s advanced foundation techniques—rectangular voids suggesting multi‑storey structures—point to a prosperous urbanism sustained by cross‑cultural commerce.

10. Harwan Monastery and Stupa (Jammu & Kashmir)

Nestled in the Kashmir Valley near Srinagar, Harwan preserves the ruins of a Buddhist monastery‑stupa ensemble dating from the 7th–8th centuries CE. Its stone plinths, water‑channelled terraces and carved reliefs reflect an architectural idiom shared with Swat and Gilgit—regions linked by the Karakoram Silk Road.

Pilgrims and traders crossed the Shams Bri pass bearing Pashmina wool, gold dust and medicinal herbs; they returned with manuscripts, metal icons and fine textiles. The moss‑clad foundations and silent pool at Harwan today evoke the monastic serenity once sustained by trans‑Himalayan exchange.

11. Nalla Sopāra Stupa (Maharashtra)

Locally called Burud Kot, this brick stupa stands near ancient trade routes that connected the Thane coast with Central India. Though partly collapsed, its circular drum and terracotta reliefs survive—displaying lotus‑motifs akin to those at Bharhut and Sanchi, yet made with clays traded from Gujarat and Sindh.

Arab ship‑logs mention a coastal Buddhist community here; inland caravans brought copper, salt and textiles, while maritime traders landed silk, ceramics and horses. The stupa’s layered brick courses and votive niches speak of a living tradition sustained by both land and sea Silk Roads.

12. Indraprastha (Old Fort, Delhi)

Beneath modern Delhi lie the ramparts of Purana Qila, identified with the legendary city of Indraprastha. Archaeology has exposed massive fort walls, gateways, and a labyrinth of habitation dating from the Mauryan through Sultanate periods.

Indraprastha lay on the Grand Trunk Road’s artery between the Punjab and the Gangetic plain. Caravans carrying horses from Central Asia, silks from China, and bullion from Persia would have paused at its bazaars. The stratified deposits here—imported glazed ware, Sasanian coins, Ghaznavid ceramics—map Delhi’s emergence as a Eurasian entrepôt.

Conclusion: Threads across Millennia

These twelve sites trace India’s manifold connections to the Silk Roads—overland and maritime, Buddhist and commercial. From the monastic calm of Vaishali to the bustling docks of Arikāmedu, each location preserves layers of architecture, art and artifacts born of cross‑cultural encounters.

In an age when globalization is often seen as a modern phenomenon, these ruins remind us that India has been woven into Eurasia’s trade and idea networks for over two thousand years. The Buddhist manuscripts carried by camel train, the Roman amphora broken on a Coromandel shore, the lotus scroll carved by a Kashmiri mason—each is a testament to human curiosity and exchange.

Visiting these sites today, we walk among brick mounds and vine‑scarred columns that once heard the clang of merchant scales, the chant of monks, and the creak of caravan wheels. Their silent stones speak across time, inviting us to reflect on how goods and ideals—silk, spice, faith, knowledge—bind distant lands into a shared heritage. In preserving and studying these monuments, we not only honor the past but also rediscover the spirit of connectivity that remains vital for our collective future.